What condition may result from prolonged high blood sugar levels affecting kidney function?

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can develop as a direct consequence of prolonged high blood sugar levels, particularly in individuals with diabetes. When blood glucose levels remain elevated over an extended period, it can lead to damage in the blood vessels of the kidneys. This damage interferes with the kidneys' ability to filter waste from the blood effectively, leading to a gradual decline in kidney function.

The pathophysiology involves a series of complex responses. High blood sugar leads to increased levels of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and activation of various inflammatory pathways, which contribute to nephron damage. Over time, this results in a decrease in the kidney’s filtration capacity, proteinuria, and ultimately, the progressive loss of renal function that characterizes chronic kidney disease.

In contrast, other options such as polycystic kidney disease, acute kidney injury, and kidney stones have different underlying causes and mechanisms unrelated to the chronic effects of high blood sugar. Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder, acute kidney injury can occur due to sudden events (such as dehydration or obstruction), and kidney stones are typically the result of metabolic issues not directly connected to long-term hyperglycemia. Thus, chronic kidney disease is the most fitting answer reflecting the